MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS X SEMESTER GENAP

1.        ABILITY

Can or Be Able To

The modal verb can is used to talk about present and future ability. The negative of can is cannot (contraction: can't), which expresses lack of ability to do or create something.

Example     :

·        I can dance.

·        Can you drive?

·        Can you speak any foreign languages?

·        I can't sing.

·        I can visit you tomorrow.

·        I can speak English, but I cannot speak Spanish

·        We can help you carry that heavy books.

·        I can't understand this problem.

You can also use the construction be able to to talk about present and future ability because it is interchangeable with the modal verb can. However, can is much more commonly used while be able to is more formal and less commonly used.

·        Are you able to swim?

·        I must be able to do the assignment.

·        She is able to speak English fluently.

The negative of be able to is be not able to.

·        I'm afraid I'm not able to fulfil your request.

For more details, use the following formula to use “can”  :

POSITIVE SENTENCE

S + can + V1

Example:

She can play soccer.

They can swim.

NEGATIVE SENTENCE

S + cannot/can't + V1

Example:

She can't play soccer.

They can't swim.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

Can + S + V1

Example:

Can you sing a song? Yes, I can/ No, I can't

Can she play soccer? Yes, She can/ No, She can't

Can they swim?  Yes, They can / No, They can't

�� Yes, I can

�� No, I can’t

�� Yes, I am able to ______

�� No, I am not able to ______

�� I think I am able to ______

�� I think I am unable to ______

�� I can’t, I’m afraid

2.  CAUSE AND EFFECT

·     Cause is why something happened.

·     Effect is the result of what happened.

·     Because effects always have causes and causes always lead to effects, we rarely see one without the other.

Example        :

John took a bath early in the morning Sinta studied hard Lila and Lili studied together Doni’s bag was broken Dindi saved her money The baby can crawl Richard didn’t go to work I was very nervous

because so because so since but because so

he had to go to the doctor. she can be a winner. tomorrow they will have exam. he bought new bag. he want to buy handphone. he can’t walk. he had the flu. I didn’t pass the driving test.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.     Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll.

Contoh:

·     Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)

·     Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)

·     Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.     Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

·     Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.

·     Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.     Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

·     Alex failed the test because he didn't study.

·     Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.

·     Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Contoh:

·        Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

·        It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.

·        The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.

·        The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

·        The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.

·        I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

·        He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.

·        The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

·        It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

·        It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

·        She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

·        They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.

·        Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.

3. PROVERB AND RIDDLE

A. Proverb

Every culture has a collection of wise sayings that offer advice about how to live your life. These sayings are called by "proverbs".

Example        :           Time is money = Waktu adalah uang.

(Waktu sangat berharga atau penting maka manusia harus menggunakan waktu sebaik mungkin)

Kinds of Proverbs:

1.     APHORISM (PEPATAH)

This proverb offers advice.

Example        : Don’t go too far in small.

(Persoalan kecil jangan dibesar-besarkan).

2.     PARABLE (PERUMPAMAAN)

That has a moral lesson and has parable.

Example        : To carry coals to New-castle.

 (Bagai membuang garam kelaut)

3.     SLOGAN (PAMEO)

This proverb gives spirit or motivation.

Example        :

·        Early bird gets worm

(Tuhan akan memberikan rezeki kepada makhluk-Nya yang lebih dulu bangun)

·        Diligence is the mistress of success.

(Kerajinan pangkal kesuksesan)

4.     IDIOM

It is a phrase that has group of words with a different meaning from the meaning of all the individual word.

Example :

1.      Pull your sock up. (improve your behaviour)

2.      You can arrange your bedroom at will. (sesuka hati)

3.      Don’t mention it. (You’re welcome)

1)  “Three eyes have I, all in a row; when the red one opens, all freeze.” The answer is traffic light.

2)  “What animal walks on all fours in the morning, two in the afternoon and three in the evening?” The answer is man, since he crawls as a child then walks and uses a cane when he gets older.

3)  What does “Mill + Walk + Key=” The answer is Milwaukee.

4)  “What gets wetter and wetter the more it dries?” A towel of course.

5)  “No sooner spoken than broken. What is it?” It is silence.

6)  “I am weightless, but you can see me. Put me in a bucket, and I'll make it lighter. What am I?” A hole.

7)  What is so fragile that when you say its name you break it? Silence.

8)  I have a tail, and I have a head, but i have no body. I am NOT a snake. What am I? A coin.

9)  What falls, but does not break, and what breaks but does not fall? Night falls and day breaks.

10)           You throw away the outside and cook the inside. Then you eat the outside and throw away the inside. What did you eat? An ear of corn.

11)           I have holes in my top and bottom, my left and right, and in the middle. But I still hold water. What am I? A sponge.

12)           What can run but never walks, has a mouth but never talks, has a head but never weeps, has a bed but never sleeps? A river.

13)           I never was, am always to be,/No one ever saw me, nor ever will,/And yet I am the confidence of all/To live and breathe on this terrestrial ball./What am I? Tomorrow.

14)           I am the black child of a white father, a wingless bird, flying even to the clouds of heaven. I give birth to tears of mourning in pupils that meet me, even though there is no cause for grief, and at once on my birth I am dissolved into air. What am I? Smoke.

15)           Pronounced as one letter,/And written with three,/Two letters there are,/And two only in me./I'm double, I'm single,/I'm black, blue, and gray,/I'm read from both ends,/And the same either way./What am I? An eye.

16)           A boy was at a carnival and went to a booth where a man said to the boy, "If I write your exact weight on this piece of paper then you have to give me $50, but if I cannot, I will pay you $50." The boy looked around and saw no scale so he agrees, thinking no matter what the carny writes he'll just say he weighs more or less. In the end the boy ended up paying the man $50. How did the man win the bet? Answer: The man did exactly as he said he would and wrote 'your exact weight' on the paper.

B. Riddle

A riddle is a type of poetry that describes something without actually naming what it is, leaving the reader to guess. It is a light hearted type of poetry which involves the reader.

Riddles can be about anything, from riddles about animals to riddles about objects. There are no rules on how to structure a riddle poem, a riddle can be funny or it can rhyme, it depends on the person writing the riddle.

Example:

1.       It’s an animal. It’s an orange black. It has stripes. It has four paws. It lives in the jungle. What is it?

It is a  Lion.

2.      “Three eyes have I, all in a row; when the red one opens, all freeze.” The answer is traffic light.

3.      Example of Rhyming  Riddle

I come in different style.

I can help you walk for  miles.

Come in pair.

I’m somethiing what you wear.

With heals I’m glam

Can you guest what I am?

I am a ..

Example        :

1.      “A tree is known by its fruit” – (of Zulu origin - this means that success is shown by the deeds.)

2.      “I have been bitten by a tsetse fly” – (of Tanzanian origin – this means that a person will continuously be a pest until you pay off a debt.)

3.      “The word of friend makes you cry – the word of an enemy makes you laugh” – (of Algeria, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger – this means that a friend will tell you the truth and sometimes the truth hurts, whereas an enemy will only lead you down the wrong path by giving you advice that seems good but is not.)

4.      “The old horse in the stable still yearns to run” – (this means that those who are older still have things they would like to accomplish.)

5.      “A spark can start a fire that burns the entire prairie” – (this means that a small problem can snowball into a huge problem that can cause major damage.)

6.      “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime” – (this means that teaching people is better in the long run because it gives them the skills to provide for themselves as opposed to you doing things for them.)

7.      "Absence makes the heart grow fonder” – (this means that when you separate from someone that you love by putting distance between you that you will inevitably love them more and yearn to see them.)

8.      "All that glitters is not gold” – (this means that just because something looks good, does not necessarily mean that it is good.)

9.      "A monkey in silk is a monkey no less” – (this means that just because someone dresses fancy does not necessarily mean that they are fancy or of good character.)

10.  Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

11.  It’s no use locking the stable door after the horse has bolted.

12.  Laugh and the world laughs with you, weep and you weep alone.

13.  See a pin and pick it up, all the day you’ll have good luck; see a pin and let it lie, bad luck you’ll have all day.

14.  ‘Tis better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.

4.SONGS

In music, a song is a composition for voice performed by singing or alongside musical instruments. A choral or vocal song may be accompanied by musical instruments, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of a cappella songs. The lyrics (words) of songs are typically of a poetic, rhyming nature, though they may be religious verses or free prose.

A song may be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices, although the term is generally not used for large vocal forms including opera and oratorio. Songs with more than one voice to a part are considered choral works. Songs can be broadly divided into many different forms, depending on the criteria used. One division is between "art songs", "pop songs", and "folk songs". Other common methods of classification are by purpose (sacred vs secular), by style (dance, ballad, Lied, etc.), or by time of origin (Renaissance, Contemporary, etc.).

After learning to sing a song, students should be able to   :

·          Learn to pronounce the various words from the song lyrics correctly,

·          Be honest and confident to express their feeling to other people through songs as media.

·          Figuring out the meaning of each words in the song and its message

·          Understanding the meaning behind the song

5.                    EXPLANATION

Explanation text (text explanation) is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture and more.

Social function:

To give an account of how something works or reasons for some phenomenon ( why is it so? How does it work?)

Two basic types :

·     Explaining how :     *Mechanical explanation ( how does a pump work?)

*Technological explanation ( how does a computer work? )

*System explanation ( How does a company work? )

*Natural explanation ( how are mountains formed? )

·     Explaining why :

Why does things float and other sink?

Why does iron go rusty?

Generic Structure :

1. A general statement

Dalam general statement berisi tentang penjelasan umum tentang fenomena yang akan dibahas, bisa berupa pengenalan fenomena tersebut atau penjelasannya.

2. A squenced of explanation

A squenced of explanation berisi tentang penjelasan proses mengapa fenomena tersebut bisa terjadi atau tercipta. A squenced of explanation berupa jawaban dari pertanyaan ‘why’ dan ‘how’ penulis ketika membuat sebuah Explanation text. Dalam squenced of explanation bisa terdiri lebih dari satu paragrap.

3. Closing

Sebenarnya closing itu tidak tercantum dalam generic structure dari Explanation text, tetapi kebanyakan orang beranggapan bahwa paragraf terakhir dari sebuah Explanation text adalah closing, padahal itu merupakan bagian dari squenced of explantaion yang berisi tentang langkah akhir yang dijelaskan pada bagian squenced of explanation.

Language Features :

·     General and abstract noun

·     Action verbs

·     Simple present tense

·     Passive form

·     conjunction of time

·     cause and effect relationships

·     Noun phrase

·     Abstract nouns

·     Adverbial phrases

·     Complex sentences

·     Technical terms

Example :

Making Paper from Woodchips

General statement

Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees. The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.

Squence of explanation

Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat. The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.

Closing

Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

How Chocolate is made; an Example of Explanation Text

learningself | May 11, 2013 | Explanation text | No Comments

Today we are entering the amazing world of chocolate, I mean a text on how the chocolate is made and that is about an example of explanation text. Why? Because we know explanation text is an account on how or why something is made or processed.

How Chocolate is Made – Example of Explanation Text

Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating.

Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree’s seeds. They are also known as coco beans.

Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts processing by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix.

The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are grounded to make it liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.

All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why they ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.

How does Rain Happen?

Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.

The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth’s atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow.

However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

6.                    DESCRIPTION

Description is about sensory experience—how something looks, sounds, tastes. Mostly it is about visual experience, but description also deals with other kinds of perception.

Social function

To describe a particular person, place or thing.

Generic structure

1.  Identification , identify phenomenon to be described

2.  Description : describe or giving information about specific participant eg : comes from…, the colour, the size, the favourite things etc.

Language Features

·        Specific participant ( nouns )

·        Simple present

·        Attributive and identifying Process

·        ( relating verbs which informs about the subject)

·        Various adjectives like : describing, numbering, classifying , two white fangs, two strong legs etc.

·        Detailed noun phrase to inform about the subject

Contoh Descriptive Text tentang Yuta, Teman Kelas

Yuta is one of the 150 International students at the ELC of Brigham Young University. He is from Japan. He grew up in Japan, and he is 19 years old. There are six people in his family, a father, a mother, three sisters and himself. He is the youngest in his family. He is also the only boy in his family, but now he is in Provo, Utah, studying English. Yuta likes the United States very much and he thinks everything is cheap. Yuta thinks his English classes are excellent and the teachers are professionals. Yuta thinks someone in his class is noisy so he doesn't like that. In his free time he spends too much time sleeping, so it seems that he has a sleeping sickness.

Contoh Descriptive Text tenang Ibu

My mother is a beautiful person. She is not tall but not short, and she has curly hair and brown. Her eyes color are like honey and her color skin color light brown, and she has a beautiful smile. Her weight likes 120 lbs.

She is a very kind person. She is very lovely, friendly, patient, and she loves to help people. I love my mom, because she is a good example to me. She loves being in the Church, and she loves sing and dance too.

She is a very good child, wife and mother. She always takes care of her family. She likes her house to be clean and organized. She a very organized person, and all things in the house are in the right place. She doesn't like messes.

She always has a smile on her face. She is so sweet and lovely. I like when I am going to sleep or went I wake up or when I am going to go to some places, she always give me a kiss, and when the family have a problem she always be with us to helps us and to give us all her love.

Contoh Descriptive Text tentang Gitar

written by Jeremy Burden

My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar--the first instrument I taught myself how to play.

It's nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and picking notes. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.

No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that I will always treasure it.